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Lithium-ion muaj npe rau nws cov khoom siv; cov lus no yog sau ua lus puv lossis luv los ntawm lawv cov cim cim. Cov ntawv thiab cov lej ua ke ua ke yuav nyuaj rau nco ntsoov thiab txawm nyuab nyuab dua, thiab cov roj teeb chemistries kuj qhia txog cov ntawv sau ua luv luv.
Piv txwv li, lithium cobalt oxide, ib qho ntawm feem ntau Li-ions, muaj cov cim cov tshuaj LiCoO 2 thiab cov LCO ua dua. Rau vim li cas ntawm simplicity, daim luv luv Li-cobalt tseem siv tau rau qhov roj teeb no. Cobalt yog lub ntsiab yam khoom tseem ceeb uas muab cov roj teeb no ua cim. Lwm cov npe hu ua "Li-ion Chemistries" raug muab cov npe luv sib xws. Seem no teev rau ntawm feem ntau cov le-ions. Tag nrho cov kev nyeem ntawv yog kwv yees nruab nrab ntawm kev sau ntawv.
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO 2 )
Nws siab zog ua rau Li-cobalt qhov kev xaiv nrov rau cov xov tooj ntawm tes, laptops thiab cov koob yees duab. Lub roj teeb muaj cov cobalt oxide cathode thiab ib qho graphite carbon anode. Lub cathode muaj ib cov qauv khov kho thiab thaum lub sij hawm paug, lithium ions tsiv ntawm lub anode mus rau cathode. Cov ndlwg hloov ntawm tus nqi. Lub drawback ntawm Li-cobalt yog ib lub caij luv luv luv, thermal stability tsawg thiab muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm (muaj peev xwm tshwj xeeb). Daim duab 1 qhia txog tus qauv.
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Daim duab 1 : Li-cobalt qauv. |
Lub drawback ntawm Li-cobalt yog ib lub caij luv luv luv, thermal stability tsawg thiab muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm (muaj peev xwm tshwj xeeb). Zoo li lwm yam cobalt-blended Li-ion, Li-cobalt muaj ib qho graphite anode uas txwv cov voj voog hauv lub neej los ntawm kev hloov cov khoom siv electrolyte (SEI) , thickening ntawm anode thiab lithium plating thaum them ceev ceev thiab them thaum tsis kub. Cov tshuab tshiab muaj xws li xee tes, manganese thiab / lossis txhuas txhawm rau txhim kho kev thiav, kev thim khoom thiab cov nqi.
Li-cobalt yuav tsum tsis raug them nqi thiab tshaj tawm tam sim no siab dua nws qhov C-kev ntsuam xyuas. Qhov no txhais tau tias 18650 ntawm tes nrog 2,400mAh tuaj yeem raug them thiab tawm ntawm 2,400mA. Yuam kom them tus nqi them ceev lossis thov ib qho siab dua 2,400mA ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab. Rau kev pom ceev ceev, lub khw tsim ib qho C-nqi ntawm 0.8 C los yog kwv yees li 2,000mA. (Se e BU-402: C-tus nqi yog dab tsi ). Lub hwjchim tivthaiv kev tivthaiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv roj yuav tsum tau them tus nqi thiab cov nqi tawm mus rau ib theem ntawm 1C rau ntawm Lub Xov Tooj Ci.
Tus kab laug sab nraub qaum duab (Daim Duab 2) ua tiav qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm Li-cobalt raws li qhov tshwj xeeb lossis kev muaj peev xwm uas muaj feem rau runtime; lub hwj chim tshwj xeeb lossis kev muaj peev xwm xa tus nqi siab tam sim no; kev nyab xeeb; kev kawm ntawm kub thiab txias txias; lub neej ncua kev xav txog lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntev; thiab them nqi . Lwm cov cwj pwm ntawm cov paj laum tsis pom nyob rau hauv kab laug sab webs yog toxicity, fast-charge capabilities, self-discharge thiab txee lub neej. (Saib BU-104c: Lub Caj Dab Pob Qij (Octagon Battery) - Dab Tsi Ua Hluav Taws Xob Ib Teeb Roj (Battery )).
Lub Li-cobalt yog poob siab rau Li-manganese, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog NMC thiab NCA vim hais tias ntawm tus nqi siab ntawm cobalt thiab kev ua tau zoo dua qub los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog lwm cov khoom siv cathode. (Saib qhov qhia txog NMC thiab NCA hauv qab no.)
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Daim duab 2 : Kev sib txuas ntawm lub roj teeb nruab nrab Li-cobalt. |
Cov lus xaus
Lithium Cobalt Oxide: LiCoO 2 cathode (~ 60% Co), graphite anode | |
Voltages | 3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0-4.2V / cell |
Lub zog tshwj xeeb (muaj peev xwm) | 150-200Wh / kg. Cov qoob loo ntawm cov qe tshwj xeeb muab rau 240Wh / kg. |
Them Nqi (C-tus nqi) | 0.7-1C, them mus rau 4.20V (feem ntau cov hlwb); 3h nqi raug. Them tam sim no 1C luv roj teeb lub neej. |
Tshem tawm (C-tus nqi) | 1C; 2.50V txiav tawm. Tshem tawm tam sim no 1C luv roj teeb lub neej. |
Hlwv lub neej | 500-1000, ntsig txog qhov tob ntawm qhov paug, load, kub |
Thermal khiav tawm | 150 ° C (302 ° F). Tag nrho cov nqi txhawb nqa thermal runaway |
Daim ntaub ntawv | Txawb tes, ntsiav tshuaj, laptops, koob yees duab |
Lus tawm | Muaj siab zog tshwj xeeb, tsuas muaj hwj chim tshwj xeeb. Cobalt yog kim. Ua Haujlwm Kev Tshawb Fawb. Kev sib koom ua lag luam muaj kev ruaj ntseg. |
Table 3: Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lithium cobalt oxide.
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn 2 O 4 )
Li-ion nrog manganese spinel yog thawj zaug luam tawm hauv Cov Khoom Siv Tsab Ntawv Tshaj Tawm ntawm 1983. Nyob rau xyoo 1996, Moli Zog muaj kev lag luam nrog Li-ion cell nrog lithium manganese oxide ua cov ntaub ntawv cathode. Lub architecture ua tau ib txoj kab uas muaj 3-vib thab kom txhim kho ion khiav ntawm lub electrode, uas ua rau sab hauv sab hauv thiab ua haujlwm zoo tuaj. Ib qho ntxiv kom zoo ntawm spinel yog thermal stability thiab kev ruaj ntseg zoo, tiam sis lub voj voog thiab lub neej tsis muaj kev txwv.
Qis tsawg ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsis ua hauj lwm ua kom ceev ceev them thiab siab tawm tam sim no. Hauv ib lub pob 18650, Li-manganese tuaj yeem tso tawm ntawm cov dej ntws ntawm 20-30A nrog cua kub nruab nrab. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv lub tshuab ob-pliag ntawm 50A. Ib qho kev nplua nuj ntawm kev ua haujlwm tam sim no yuav ua rau cov kub ua kom sov thiab qhov kub ntawm tes tsis siab tshaj 80 ° C (176 ° F). Li-manganese yog siv rau cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob, cov khoom kho mob, thiab cov tsheb thiab cov tsheb fais fab.
Daim duab 4 qhia txog kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem (crystalline) uas muaj peb sab hauv lub cathode ntawm lub roj teeb Li-manganese. Cov kab lus spinel, uas yog feem ntau ntawm cov pob zeb diamond txuas nrog rau hauv lub lattice, tshwm tom qab pib tsim.
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Daim duab 4: Li-manganese qauv. |
Li-manganese muaj ib lub peev xwm uas muaj li ib feem peb qis dua Li-cobalt. Kev tsim yooj yim pub engineers rau theem siab tshaj plaws rau kev pom kev thev taus ntev (lub neej ncua), qhov siab tshaj tam sim no (tshwj xeeb lub hwj chim) los yog siab muaj peev xwm (kev tsim lub zog). Piv txwv, lub neej ntev hauv lub xyoo 18650 muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm tshaj 1,100mAh; lub siab muaj peev xwm version yog 1,500mAh.
Daim duab 5 qhia tau hais tias kab laug sab lub vev xaib ntawm lub roj hluav taws Li-manganese. Cov yam ntxwv tshwm sim marginal tab sis cov qauv tshiab tsim tau zoo tuaj raws li tej lub hwj chim, kev ruaj ntseg thiab lub neej ncua. Pure Li-manganese roj teeb uas tsis niaj hnub niaj hnub no; lawv tsuas siv tau rau cov ntawv tshwj xeeb.
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Daim duab 5: Kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov roj ntsha Li-manganese. |
Feem ntau Li-manganese roj teeb tau muab nrog lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) los txhim kho lub zog tshwj xeeb thiab ua rau lub neej ntev. Qhov kev sib txuas ua ke coj tawm qhov zoo tshaj hauv txhua qhov system, thiab LMO (NMC) raug xaiv rau feem ntau hluav taws xob tsheb, xws li Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt thiab BMW i3. LMO ib feem ntawm lub roj teeb, uas tuaj yeem kwv yees li ntawm 30 feem pua, muab kev siab zog tam sim no ntawm kev ua haujlwm; NMC ib feem muab cov kev tsav tsheb ntev ntev.
Li-ion kev tshawb nrhiav hnyav hnyav ntawm kev sib txuas Li-manganese nrog cobalt, xauv npo, manganese thiab / los yog txhuas ua cov khoom siv cathode. Hauv ib co architecture, ib qho nyiaj me me ntawm silicon ntxiv rau lub anode. Qhov no muab 25 feem pua khoom nce ntxiv; li cas los xij, qhov nce yog feem ntau txuas nrog lub neej luv luv ntawm kev voj voog raws li silicon loj hlob thiab ua rau cov nqi thiab paug, ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab.
Cov kev cob qhia peb lub cev, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua tau yooj yim tau xaiv los txhim khu lub zog tshwj xeeb (muaj peev xwm), kev muaj peev xwm (muaj peev xwm ua tau) lossis kev thev ntev. Thaum cov neeg siv roj teeb mus rau cov peev txheej siab, cov ntawv siv yuav tsum muaj cov roj teeb uas muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo, ua lub neej ntev thiab pab kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tau txais kev pab.
Cov lus xaus
Lithium Manganese Oxide: LiMn 2 O 4 cathode. graphite anode | |
Voltages | 3.70V (3.80V) nominal; typical operating range 3.0-4.2V / cell |
Lub zog tshwj xeeb (muaj peev xwm) | 100-150Wh / kg |
Them Nqi (C-tus nqi) | 0.7-1C raug, 3C siab tshaj plaws, them mus rau 4.20V (feem ntau cov hlwb) |
Tshem tawm (C-tus nqi) | 1C; 10C tau nrog qee hlwb, 30C pulse (5s), 2.50V cut-off |
Hlwv lub neej | 300-700 (ntsig txog qhov tob ntawm qhov paug, qhov kub thiab txias) |
Thermal khiav tawm | 250 ° C (482 ° F) raug. Cov nyiaj them nqi siab txhawb nqa thermal runaway |
Daim ntaub ntawv | Cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv kho mob, hluav taws xob powertrains |
Lus tawm | Muaj hwj chim tab sis muaj peev xwm tsawg; kev ruaj ntseg dua Li-cobalt; feem ntau tov nrog NMC los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm. |
Table 6: Yam ntxwv ntawm Lithium Manganese Oxide.
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO 2 los yog NMC)
Ib qhov zoo tshaj plaws Li-ion systems yog cathode ua ke ntawm nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC). Zoo ib yam li Li-manganese, cov tshuab no tuaj yeem tsim kom tau txais kev pabcuam xws li Kev Hloov Cev lossis Cov Hluav Taws Xob . Piv txwv, NMC nyob rau hauv ib qho xov tooj ntawm 18650 rau nruab nrab qhov mob muaj peev xwm li 2,800mAh thiab tuaj yeem nqa 4A mus rau 5A; NMC nyob rau hauv tib lub xov tooj ntawm qhov ua tau zoo rau lub hwj huam tau muaj peev xwm ntawm 2,000mAh tab sis tau muab kev pauv tas mus li ntawm 20A. Lub silicon-based anode yuav mus rau 4,000mAh thiab siab tshaj, tiam sis ntawm kev ua haujlwm txo qhov muaj peev xwm thiab qhov luv luv hauv lub neej. Silicon ntxiv rau graphite muaj qhov teeb meem uas qhov anode hlob thiab shrinks nrog them thiab paug, ua lub xov tooj ntawm qhov chaw tsis ruaj tsis khov.
Ntawm daim card ntawm NMC lies hauv kev sib koom tes nickel thiab manganese. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog cov lus ntsev uas cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb, cov tshuaj sodium thiab chloride, yog cov tshuaj lom rau lawv tus kheej, tiam sis nws sib xyaw ua raws li seasoning ntsev thiab zaub mov noj. Nickel paub txog nws lub zog tshwj xeeb tab sis tsis ruaj ntseg; manganese muaj cov txiaj ntsim ntawm kev tsim cov qauv kev txheeb ze kom cuag tau qhov tsis kam sab hauv tab sis muaj lub zog tsawg. Kev sib dhos ntawm cov hlau ua rau txhua tus sib zog muaj zog.
NMC yog lub roj teeb uas xaiv rau cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob, e-bikes thiab lwm yam powertrains. Txoj kev sib txuas ua ke hauv cathode yog ib feem peb ntawm cov pob xees, ib feem peb manganese thiab ib feem peb cobalt, los yog 1-1-1. Qhov no muab cov cim sib txawv uas tseem txo cov nqi raw cov nqi vim cov ntaub ntawv kawm cobalt txo. Ib qho kev ua tiav zoo dua yog NCM nrog 5 ntu nickel, 3 qhov chaw cobalt thiab 2 qhov chaw manganese (5-3-2). Lwm cov kev sib txuas uas siv ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cathode tau.
Cov roj teeb tshuab txav deb ntawm cov kab cobalt mus rau cov nickel cathodes vim yog cov nqi siab ntawm cobalt. Nickel-based systems muaj zog ntau dua, txo nqi, thiab lub neej ntev dua lub hlwb uas cobalt tiam sis lawv muaj qis dua me ntsis.
Cov tshiab electrolytes thiab additives pab kom them rau 4.4V / ntawm tes thiab siab dua rau boost peev. Daim duab 7 qhia txog tus yam ntxwv ntawm NMC.
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Daim duab 7: Kab muag ntawm NMC. |
Nws muaj kev txav mus rau NMC-blended Li-ion vim tias qhov system tuaj yeem tsim kev lag luam thiab nws ua tiav ib qho kev ua tau zoo. Peb qho khoom ntawm nickel, manganese thiab cobalt tau yooj yim tau muab sib xyaw kom haum rau ntau yam kev siv rau kev siv hluav taws xob thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob (EES) uas xav tau kev sib tw cyclin. NMC tsev neeg loj hlob hauv nws qhov ntau haiv neeg.
Cov lus xaus
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide: LiNiMnCoO 2 . cathode, graphite anode | |
Voltages | 3.60V, 3.70V nominal; typical operating range 3.0-4.2V / cell, los yog siab dua |
Lub zog tshwj xeeb (muaj peev xwm) | 150-220Wh / kg |
Them Nqi (C-tus nqi) | 0.7-1C, them mus rau 4.20V, ib txhia mus rau 4.30V; 3h nqi raug. Them tam sim no 1C luv roj teeb lub neej. |
Tshem tawm (C-tus nqi) | 1C; 2C ua tau rau qee lub hlwb; 2.50V txiav tawm |
Hlwv lub neej | 1000-2000 (ntsig txog qhov tob ntawm qhov paug, qhov kub thiab txias) |
Thermal khiav tawm | 210 ° C (410 ° F) raug. Cov nyiaj them nqi siab txhawb nqa thermal runaway |
Tus nqi | ~ $ 420 toj ib kWh (Source: RWTH, Aachen) |
Daim ntaub ntawv | E-tsheb kaujvab, khoom siv kho mob, EVs, industrial |
Lus tawm | Muaj peev xwm thiab siab zog. Ua haujlwm li Hybrid Cell. Nyiam Chemistry rau ntau tus siv; kev ua lag luam sib nce zuj zus. |
Table 8: Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC).
Lithium Hlau Phosphate (LiFePO 4 )
Nyob rau xyoo 1996, University of Texas (thiab lwm tus contributors) nrhiav tau phosphate li cov khoom siv cathode rau cov roj teeb rechargeable lithium. Li-phosphate muaj kev kawm zoo electrochemical nrog tsawg ua hauj. Qhov no yog tsim tau nrog nano-nplai phosphate cathode khoom. Cov kev pab cuam tseem ceeb yog kev ntsuam xyuas siab thiab kev ua neej ntev ntev, ntxiv rau kev thermal stability, kev nyab xeeb kom ruaj khov thiab ua siab ntev yog ua phem.
Li-phosphate yuav tiv thaiv kom ntau tus nqi them thiab tsis tshua muaj stress dua li lwm cov tshuab lithium-ion yog ceev ceev siab ntev rau lub sij hawm ntev. (Saib BU-808: Yuav Ua Li Cas Lub Caij Tsheb Loj Raws Li Li Lawm ). Raws li kev lag luam tawm, nws qhov tsawg dua ntawm tus nqi hluav taws xob ntawm 3.2V / tus xov tooj txo cov zog tshwj xeeb hauv qab ntawm cov hom kab cobalt-blended lithium-ion. Cov roj teeb feem ntau, cov cua txias yuav ua rau kev ua haujlwm thiab ua kom lub cev kub siab kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov kev pab cuam lub neej, thiab Li-phosphate tsis muaj kev zam. Li-phosphate muaj feem ntau dua nws tus kheej tso tawm dua li lwm cov roj ntsha Li-ion, uas tuaj yeem tsim teeb meem sib haum nrog kev laus. Qhov no tuaj yeem siv tau lub hlwb zoo dua thiab / los yog siv cov kev siv tshuab hluav taws xob zoo, ob qho tib si uas nce nqi ntawm cov pob. Kev huv huv hauv kev tsim khoom yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev thiav. Yog tsis kam rau noo noo, tsam lub roj teeb tsuas xa 50 kab. Daim duab 9 qhia txog cov cwj pwm ntawm Li-phosphate.
Li-phosphate feem ntau yog siv los hloov lub lead lead acid pib roj teeb. Plaub hlwb hauv series tsim 12.80V, zoo ib yam li muaj rau 2V cov kua qaub hauv cov qe ntshav hauv kab. Cov tsheb muaj txhuas cov hmoov lead qis rau 14.40V (2.40V / cell) thiab tuav lub siab tshaj plaws. Cov nqi saum toj kawg nkaus yog siv los tswj tuav cov dej num thiab tiv thaiv sulfation ntawm roj teeb roj teeb.
Nrog plaub lub hlwb-phosphate hauv koob, txhua lub xov tooj ntawm sab ntawm 3.60V, uas yog qhov tseeb-nqi hluav taws xob. Txij ntawm qhov no, tus nqi yuav tsum raug kaw, tiam sis tus nqi zog ntawm lub kaujvaj tseem nyob nrog thaum tsav tsheb. Li-phosphate ua siab ntev rau ib co overcharge; Txawm li cas los xij, ua kom muaj qhov voltage ntawm 14.40V rau lub caij nyoog ntev, vim feem ntau cov tsheb ua rau kev mus ncig ua si ntev, yuav ntxhov siab Li-phosphate. Lub sij hawm yuav qhia tias yuav ua li cas thiaj li Li-Phosphate yuav ua ib cov kua qaub uas hloov pauv nrog lub tsheb uas them tsis tu ncua. Mob khaub thuas kub kuj txo cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm Li-ion thiab qhov no yuav ua rau muaj peev xwm nkag mus hauv ntau zaus.
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Daim duab 9: Kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov roj teeb uas siv roj-Li. |
Cov lus xaus
Lithium Hlau Phosphate: LiFePO 4 cathode, graphite anode | |
Voltages | 3.20, 3.30V nominal; kev khiav hauj lwm muaj xws li 2.5-3.65V / cell |
Lub zog tshwj xeeb (muaj peev xwm) | 90-120Wh / kg |
Them Nqi (C-tus nqi) | 1C raug, nqi rau 3.65V; 3h lub sijhawm them nyiaj |
Tshem tawm (C-tus nqi) | 1C, 25C ntawm qee hlwb; 40A mem tes (2s); 2.50V cut-off (tsawg dua 2V ua kev puas tsuaj) |
Hlwv lub neej | 1000-2000 (ntsig txog qhov tob ntawm qhov paug, qhov kub thiab txias) |
Thermal khiav tawm | 270 ° C (518 ° F) Roj teeb meem zoo heev txawm tias tau them tas |
Tus nqi | ~ $ 580 ib kWh (Source: RWTH, Aachen) |
Daim ntaub ntawv | Portable thiab ruaj ruaj needing high load currents thiab endurance |
Lus tawm | Tawm heev paim hluav taws xob paug tab sis muaj peev xwm tsawg. Ib qho ntawm kev ruaj ntseg |
Table 10: Yam ntxwv ntawm lithium iron phosphate.
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Txhuas Oxide (LiNiCoAlO 2 )
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide roj teeb, los yog NCA, tau nyob txij li xyoo 1999 rau cov ntawv tshwj xeeb. Nws zoo sib xws nrog NMC los ntawm kev siab zog, kev tsim nyog zoo thiab kev ua neej ntev ntev. Tsawg tshaj qhov tsis txaus siab yog kev nyab xeeb thiab tus nqi. Daim duab 11 qhia txog 6 yam tseem ceeb. NCA yog ib qho kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm lithium nickel oxide; ntxiv txhuas ntxiv rau chemistry ruaj ntseg dua.
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Daim duab 11: Snapshot ntawm NCA. |
Cov lus xaus
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide: LiNiCoAlO 2 cathode (~ 9% Co), graphite anode | |
Voltages | 3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0-4.2V / cell |
Lub zog tshwj xeeb (muaj peev xwm) | 200-260Wh / kg; 300Wh / kg kom paub meej |
Them Nqi (C-tus nqi) | 0.7 C, them mus rau 4.20V (feem ntau cov hlwb), 3h them typical, ceev them tau nrog qee cov hlwb |
Tshem tawm (C-tus nqi) | 1C raug; 3.00V txiav tawm; High rate rate luv ua roj teeb lub neej |
Hlwv lub neej | 500 (ntsig txog qhov tob ntawm qhov paug, qhov kub thiab txias) |
Thermal khiav tawm | 150 ° C (302 ° F) raug, Them nyiaj siab txhawb nqa thermal runaway |
Tus nqi | ~ $ 350 toj ib kWh (Source: RWTH, Aachen) |
Daim ntaub ntawv | Kev kho mob li, muaj, hluav taws xob powertrain (Tesla) |
Lus tawm | Shares zoo sib xws nrog Li-cobalt. Ua Haujlwm Kev Tshawb Fawb. |
Rooj ntawv 12: Yam ntxwv ntawm Lithium Nickel Cobalt Txhuas Oxide.
Lithium Titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 )
Cov roj ntsha nrog lithium titanate anodes tau paub txij li xyoo 1980s. Li-titanate yuav hloov lub graphite nyob rau hauv anode ntawm lub roj teeb raug lithium-ion thiab cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv ib lub qauv spinel. Lub cathode tau ua lithium manganese oxide los yog NMC. Li-titanate muaj ib qho nominal cell voltage ntawm 2.40V, tuaj yeem them sai thiab xa tau qhov siab tawm tam sim no ntawm 10C, lossis 10 lub sij hawm txaus siab. Qhov suav qhov suav tau hais tias yuav tsum siab tshaj li qhov ntawm Li-ion. Li-titanate muaj kev ruaj ntseg, muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo uas tsis tshua muaj neeg tsis tshua muaj paug thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm 80 feem pua ntawm -30 ° C (-22 ° F).
LTO (feem ntau Li4Ti 5 O 12 ) muaj qhov zoo tshaj qhov cobalt cobphate-zoo li Li-ion nrog graphite anode los ntawm kev xoom-lim zeb, tsis muaj SEI zaj duab xis thiab tsis muaj lithium plating thaum them sai thiab them thaum tsis kub. Thermal stability nyob rau hauv high temperature kuj zoo dua li lwm lub tshuab Li-ion; Txawm li cas los, lub roj teeb yog kim. Ntawm 65Wh / kg tsuas, lub zog tshwj xeeb yog tsawg, kev sib tw ntawm NiCd. Li-titanate tsub rau 2.80V / ntawm tes, thiab qhov kawg ntawm kev tawm yog 1.80V / ntawm tes. Daim duab 13 qhia txog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub roj teeb-Li. Cov kev siv raug yog hluav taws xob powertrains, UPS thiab hnub ci-ci kev teeb pom kev zoo.
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Daim duab 13: Kev sib txuas lus ntawm Li-titanate. |
Cov lus xaus
Lithium Titanate: Ua tau lithium manganese oxide los yog NMC; Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (titanate) anode | |
Voltages | 2.40V nominal; kev khiav hauj lwm muaj xws li 1.8-2.85V / ntawm tes |
Lub zog tshwj xeeb (muaj peev xwm) | 50-80Wh / kg |
Them Nqi (C-tus nqi) | 1C raug; 5C siab, them rau 2.85V |
Tshem tawm (C-tus nqi) | 10C tau, 30C 5s mem tes; 1.80V txiav tawm ntawm LCO / LTO |
Hlwv lub neej | 3,000-7,000 |
Thermal khiav tawm | Ib qho ntawm cov roj ntsha Li-ion |
Tus nqi | ~ $ 1,005 ib kWh (Source: RWTH, Aachen) |
Daim ntaub ntawv | Ib ce, hluav taws xob powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV), |
Lus tawm | Lub neej ntev, kev them nyiaj sai, dav dav kub tab sis tsis muaj zog tshwj xeeb thiab kim. Ntawm cov roj ntsha Li-ion. |
Table 14: Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lithium titanate.
Xam phaj 15 pev le txug qhov kws muaj hlau lead-, xuv tooj, hab lithium-based systems. Thaum Li-Aluminium (NCA) yog tus khiav ntshiab los ntawm khaws cia ntau lub peev xwm tshaj lwm lub tshuab, qhov no tsuas yog siv rau qhov tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tej lub zog thiab thermal stability, Li-manganese (LMO) thiab Li-phosphate (LFP) yog superior. Li-titanate (LTO) yuav muaj peev xwm tsawg tab sis qhov no chemistry outlives feem ntau lwm lub roj teeb ntawm lub neej ntawm lub neej thiab tseem muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov dej txias kev ua tau zoo. Tsiv ntawm lub zog fais fab tuag, kev nyab xeeb thiab lub voj voog ntawm lub neej yuav muaj peev xwm tswj kav. (LCO stands rau Li-cobalt, tus thawj Li-ion.)
Daim Duab 15: Lub cev muaj zog ntawm cov hlau lead-, cov roj hmab nickel- thiab roj lithium.
NCA nyiam lub zog tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws; Txawm li cas los, manganese thiab phosphate yog superior ntawd tej lub hwj chim thiab thermal stability. Li-titanate muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub neej ncua.
Lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Cadex
