Tau qhov twg los: www.energy.gov
Thaum lub teeb ci ntawm lub xov tooj photovoltaic (PV) - tseem hu ua lub hnub ci cell - lub teeb ntawd tuaj yeem pom, nqus tau, lossis hla txoj cai los ntawm lub cell. PV cell yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob; qhov "ib nrab" txhais tau tias nws tuaj yeem ua hluav taws xob tau zoo dua li cov insulator tab sis tsis zoo li tus neeg xyuas pib zoo li hlau. Muaj ntau ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txawv siv hauv PV cell.
Thaum cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau nthuav tawm tolight, nws nqus lub teeb lub zog thiab hloov nws mus rau qhov tsis zoo uas tau hais hauv cov khoom hu ua electrons. Lub zog ntxiv no tso cai rau cov hluav taws xob ntws los ntawm cov khoom ua hluav taws xob tam sim no. Qhov tam sim no tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov hlau sib txuas-cov kab zoo li cov kab ntawm lub hnub ci-thiab tom qab ntawd tuaj yeem siv los txhawb koj lub tsev thiab tag nrho cov phiaj hluav taws xob.
Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm PV xov tooj tsuas yog tus nqi hluav taws xob tawm ntawm lub xov tooj piv rau lub zog los ntawm lub teeb ci ntsa iab ntawm nws, uas qhia tias lub xov tooj ntawm tes tau hloov pauv lub zog los ntawm ib daim ntawv mus rau lwm qhov zoo li cas. Tus nqi hluav taws xob tsim tawm los ntawm PV hlwb nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv (xws li kev siv thiab lub nthwv dej) ntawm lub teeb muaj thiab ntau yam kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub xov tooj.
Ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm PV semiconductors yog bandgap, uas qhia txog qhov nthwv dej ntawm lub teeb uas cov khoom tuaj yeem nqus tau thiab hloov mus rau hluav taws xob. Yog tias cov semiconductor's bandgap phim cov nthwv dej ntawm lub teeb ci rau ntawm PV cell, tom qab ntawv lub xov tooj ntawd tuaj yeem siv tau zoo ntawm txhua lub zog muaj.
Kawm paub ntau ntxiv hauv qab no txog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob feem ntau siv rau cov cell PV.
SILICON
Siliconis, nyob deb, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob feem ntau siv hauv cov hnub ci, sawv cev kwv yees li 95% ntawm cov qauv muag hnub no. Nws tseem yog qhov khoom siv thib ob tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb (tom qab oxygen) thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob feem ntau siv hauv tshuab computer. Crystalline silicon cells yog ua los ntawm cov tshuaj silicon atoms txuas nrog rau ib leeg kom tsim tau ib lub lattice. Lub lattice no muab cov qauv teeb tsa uas ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm lub teeb mus rau hluav taws xob ntau dua.
Cov hnub ci tsim tawm ntawm silicon tam sim no muab kev sib xyaw ua haujlwm siab, tus nqi qis, thiab lub neej ntev. Cov qauv yuav tsum kav ntev txog 25 xyoos lossis ntau dua, tseem tsim ntau dua 80% ntawm lawv lub zog qub tom qab lub sijhawm no.
THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS
Lub hnub ci cell-thin film tau tsim los ntawm tso ib lossis ntau txheej txheej ntawm PV cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom txhawb xws li iav, yas, lossis hlau. Muaj ob hom tseem ceeb ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab PV semiconductors ntawm lub khw niaj hnub no: cadmium telluride (CdTe) andcopper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). Ob qho ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem tso ncaj qha mus rau pem hauv ntej lossis sab nraub qaum ntawm cov qauv ntu.
CdTe yog cov khoom siv PV thib ob tshaj plaws tom qab silicon, thiab CdTe hlwb tuaj yeem tsim los siv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom qis. Thaum qhov no ua rau lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo lwm txoj hauv kev, lawv cov kev ua tau zoo tseem tsis yog' tsis zoo li silicon. CIGS cov cell muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv PV thiab ua tau zoo hauv kev sim, tab sis qhov nyuaj cuam tshuam nrog kev koom ua ke plaub yam ua rau kev hloov pauv los ntawm lab mus rau kev tsim khoom nyuaj dua. Ob CdTe thiab CIGS xav tau kev tiv thaiv ntau dua li silicon los pab ua haujlwm ntev nyob sab nraum zoov.
PEROVSKITE PHOTOVOLTAICS
Perovskitesolar cells yog ib hom cell-thin film thiab muaj npe tom qab lawv cov yam ntxwv siv lead ua. Cov cell Perovskite tau tsim nrog txheej txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau luam tawm, txheej, lossis nqus nqus mus rau hauv txheej txheej txhawb nqa, hu uatxheej.Lawv feem ntau yooj yim rau sib sau ua ke thiab tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov ua tau zoo ib yam li crystalline silicon. Hauv chav sim, kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm lub hnub ci perovskite tau txhim kho sai dua li lwm yam khoom siv PV, los ntawm 3% hauv 2009 txog ntau dua 25% hauv 2020. Txhawm rau ua lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig, perovskite PV cells yuav tsum ruaj khov txaus kom muaj sia nyob 20 xyoo sab nraum zoov, yog li cov kws tshawb fawb. tab tom ua haujlwm los ua kom lawv ruaj khov dua thiab txhim kho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom lag luam luv nqi.
ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS
Organic PV, lossis OPV, cov cell tau tsim los ntawm cov pa roj carbon ntau (cov organic) sib txuas thiab tuaj yeem tsim los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm PV cell, xws li bandgap, pob tshab, lossis xim. Cov OPV tam sim no tsuas yog kwv yees li ib nrab ua tau zoo raws li cov khoom siv ua kua silicon thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm luv dua, tab sis yuav tsis kim rau kev tsim khoom ntau. Lawv kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv rau ntau yam khoom siv txhawb nqa, xws li cov yas hloov pauv tau, ua rau OPV tuaj yeem siv tau ntau yam kev siv.
QUANTUM DOTS
Quantum dot solar cells ua hluav taws xob los ntawm cov khoom me me ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsuas yog ob peb nanometers dav, hu ua quantum dots. Quantum dots muab txoj hauv kev tshiab rau txheej txheem cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tab sis nws nyuaj rau tsim kev sib txuas hluav taws xob ntawm lawv, yog li tam sim no lawv tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv yooj yim los ua lub hnub ci. Lawv tuaj yeem tso rau hauv asubstrate siv cov txheej txheem txheej txheej, tshuaj tsuag, lossis yob-rau-yob cov tshuab luam ntawv zoo li cov uas siv los luam ntawv xov xwm.
Quantum dots tuaj hauv ntau qhov ntau thiab lawv cov bandgap tuaj yeem tsim kho tau, ua rau lawv khaws lub teeb uas nyuaj rau ntes thiab ua khub nrog lwm cov semiconductors, zoo li perovskites, txhawm rau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev siv ntau lub hnub ci ntawm tes (ntau ntawm cov hauv qab no).
MULTIJUNCTION PHOTOVOLTAICS
Lwm lub tswv yim txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm PV ntawm tes yog txheej ntau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob mus rau ntau yam kev siv hluav taws xob hnub ci. Cov xov tooj no yog cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txawv, tsis zoo li cov xov tooj sib txuas ib leeg, uas tsuas muaj ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob nkaus xwb. Txhua txheej muaj qhov sib txawv bandgap, yog li lawv txhua tus nqus tau ib feem sib txawv ntawm hnub ci, ua kom siv hnub ci ntau dua li cov xov tooj sib txuas ib leeg. Multijunction solar cells tuaj yeem ncav cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg vim tias lub teeb uas tsis tau nqus los ntawm thawj txheej semiconductor raug ntes los ntawm ib txheej hauv qab nws.
Thaum txhua lub hnub ci cell uas muaj ntau dua ib lub bandgap yog cov siv hluav taws xob ntau lub hnub ci, lub hnub ci cell uas muaj ob lub bandgap raws li hu ua tandem solar cell. Multijunction solar cells uas ua ke cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm kab III thiab V hauv cov ntawv teev tiam ib ntus hu ua multijunction III-V solar cells.
Kev siv ntau lub hnub ci ntawm tes tau pom qhov ua tau zoo dua li 45%, tab sis lawv raug nqi thiab nyuaj rau kev tsim khoom, yog li lawv tau tshwj tseg rau kev tshawb nrhiav chaw. Cov tub rog tab tom siv III-V lub hnub ci cell hauv drones, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb nrhiav lwm qhov siv rau lawv qhov twg ua haujlwm tau zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb.
CONCENTRATION PHOTOVOLTAICS
Kev Nyuaj Siab PV, tseem hu ua CPV, tsom lub hnub ci mus rau lub hnub ci los ntawm kev siv daim iav lossis tsom iav. Los ntawm kev tsom lub hnub ci mus rau thaj chaw me me, yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv PV tsawg dua. Cov ntaub ntawv PV dhau los ua haujlwm tau zoo dua li lub teeb dhau los ua ntau dua, yog li qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws tau txais nrog CPV cov xov tooj thiab cov qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv kim dua, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, thiab muaj peev xwm taug qab lub zog ntawm lub hnub yog qhov yuav tsum tau, yog li qhia qhov tsim nyog tus nqi kom zoo dua hnub no' cov khoom ntim silicon siab tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj.
