Los ntawm: www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
1 TAW QHIA
Txij li thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1993, " Kev Txhim Kho hauv Photovoltaics " tau tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv txhua hli ntawm qhov kev tshaj tawm siab tshaj plaws rau ntau yam ntawm photovoltaic cell thiab module technologies. 1 - 3 Los ntawm kev muab cov lus taw qhia rau cov kev tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv no, qhov no tsis yog muab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub xeev tam sim no tiam sis tseem txhawb cov neeg tshawb nrhiav kom nrhiav kev pom zoo los ntawm kev txiav txim siab thiab qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus txheej txheem. Hauv Tshooj 33 ntawm cov ntawv no, 3 cov ntsiab lus tau raug xa mus rau lwm qhov chaw thoob ntiaj teb lees txais (International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 60904-3, Ed. 2, 2008).
Qhov ntsuas tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev xam nrog ntawm cov lus tau yog tias lawv yuav tsum tau ntsuas los ntawm ib qho chaw kuaj mob uas tau pom nyob rau lwm qhov. 2 Ib qho tshwj xeeb tau tsim los ntawm peb qho chaw sib txawv ntawm cheeb tsam ntawm tes: thaj tsam dav dav, qhov chaw loj, thiab chaw uas tau tso cai, raws li tau hais tseg rau lwm qhov 2 (nco ntsoov tias, yog tias siv lub looj siv, qhov ncauj qhov ntswg yuav tsum muaj qhov yooj yim aperture geometry, , qiv, lossis voj). Cov "Active area" tsis raug tso cai. Muaj qee yam tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw uas tau siv rau cov khoom siv sib txawv (tshaj 0.05 cm 2 rau ib lub xov tooj ntawm tes, 1 cm 2 rau ib lub cell, 800 cm 2 rau ib qho module thiab 200 cm 2 rau "submodule" ).
Cov ntsiab lus tau muab qhia rau cov hlwb thiab cov modules uas tau muab los ntawm ntau cov khoom sib txawv thiab rau cov pawg hauv qab ntawm txhua pab pawg sib cais (piv txwv li, crystalline, polycrystalline, thiab nyias zaj duab xis). Los ntawm Tshooj 36 onwards, cov lus qhia hauv spectral yog muaj nyob (thaum tau) nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub cuab yeej ntawm cov sab nraud lwm tus quantum efficiency (EQE) tiv thaiv wavelength, xws li kev ntseeg siab lossis ua rau cov nqi ntsuas siab. Tam sim no-voltage (IV) curves muaj kuj tau tso rau qhov twg los ntawm Version 38 onwards. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev vam meej ntawm thawj 25 xyoo uas cov ntawv tau muab tshaj tawm muaj nyob rau hauv Version 51. 2
Tshaj siab tshaj qhov tseeb ntawm "ib hnub" ntawm tes thiab cov qhab nees ntawm cov qhab nias tau muab qhia rau hauv Cov Lus 1-4 . Cov kev hloov hauv cov ntxhuav los ntawm cov neeg yav tas los luam tawm 1 yog muab tso rau hauv cov hom ntawv loj. Feem ntau, cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau muab piav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim tau qhia, lossis zoo ib yam (nyeem cov neeg paub txog cov ntawv zoo tuaj yeem txais tos mus rau tus thawj coj). Cov lus 1 sau qhia cov kev ntsuas tau zoo tshaj plaws rau "one-sun" (non-concentrator) ib leeg-hlav hlwb thiab submodules.
Cov lus 1. Pom ib txoj kev sib tshuam hauv kev sib txig ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev xa tawm qhov kev ntsuas tau raws thoob ntiaj teb AM1.5 spectrum (1000 W / m 2 ) ntawm 25 ° C (IEC 60904-3: 2008, ASTM G-173-03 ntiaj teb) | Kev faib tawm | Ua tau zoo,% | Thaj tsam, cm 2 | V oc , V | J sc , mA / cm 2 | Filling Factor,% | Qhov Chaw Kuaj Mob (hnub) | Kev piav qhia |
|---|
| Silicon |
| Si (crystalline cell) | 26.7 ± 0.5 | 79.0 (ntawm) | 0.738 | 42.65 a | 84.9 | AIST (3/17) | Kaneka, n-hom rear IBC 4 |
| Si (multicrystalline cell) | 22.3 ± 0.4 b | 3.923 (ap) | 0.6742 | 41.08 c | 80.5 | FhG-YOG (8/17) | FhG-ISE, n-hom 5 |
| Si (nyias hloov submodule) | 21.2 ± 0.4 | 239.7 (ap) | 0.687 d | 38.50 d , e | 80.3 | NREL (4/14) | Solexel (35 μm tuab) 6 |
| Si (thim zaj duab xis minimodule) | 10.5 ± 0.3 | 94.0 (ap) | 0.492 d | 29.7 d , f | 72.1 | FhG-ISE (8/07) | CSG Solar (<2 μm="" rau="" iav)="">7 |
| III-V hlwb |
| GaAs (nyias zaj duab xis ntawm tes) | 29.1 ± 0.6 | 0.998 (ap) | 1.1272 | 29.78 g | 86.7 | FhG-YOG (10/18) | Alta Devices 8 |
| GaAs (multicrystalline) | 18.4 ± 0.5 | 4.011 (t) | 0.994 | 23.2 | 79.7 | NREL (11/95) | NY, Ge substrate 9 |
| InP (crystalline cell) | 24.2 ± 0.5 b | 1.008 (ap) | 0.939 | 31.15 a | 82.6 | NREL (3/13) | NREL 10 |
| Nyias cov roj ntsha chalcogenide |
| CIGS (ntawm tes) | 22.9 ± 0.5 | 1.041 (ntawm) | 0.744 | 38.77 h | 79.5 | AIST (11/17) | Hnub Ci Lub Hnub Nyoog 11 , 12 |
| CdTe (ntawm tes) | 21.0 ± 0.4 | 1.0623 (ap) | 0.8759 | 30.25 e | 79.4 | Newport (8/14) | Thawj Hnub Ci, ntawm iav 13 |
| CZTSSe (ntawm tes) | 11.3 ± 0.3 | 1.1761 (ntawm) | 0.5333 | 33.57 g | 63.0 | Newport (10/18) | DGIST, Kauslim 14 |
| CZTS (ntawm tes) | 10.0 ± 0.2 | 1.113 (ntawm) | 0.7083 | 21.77 a | 65.1 | NREL (3/17) | UNSW 15 |
| Amorphous / microcrystalline |
| Si (amorphous cell) | 10.2 ± 0.3 kuv, b | 1.001 (xyoo) | 0.896 | 16.36 e | 69.8 | AIST (7/14) | AIST 16 |
| Si (microcrystalline cell) | 11.9 ± 0.3 b | 1.044 (ntawm) | 0.550 | 29.72 a | 75.0 | AIST (2/17) | AIST 16 |
| Perovskite |
| Perovskite (ntawm tes) | 20.9 ± 0.7 Kuv , j | 0.991 (hli) | 1.125 | 24.92 c | 74.5 | Newport (7/17) | KRICT 17 |
| Perovskite (minimodule) | 17.25 ± 0.6 j, l | 17.277 (ntawm) | 1.070 d | 20.66 d , h | 78.1 | Newport (5/18) | Microquanta, 7 series hlwb 18 |
| Perovskite (submodule) | 11.7 ± 0.4 kuv | 703 (hli) | 1.073 d | 14.36 d , h | 75.8 | AIST (3/18) | Toshiba, 44 series hlwb 19 |
| Dye sensitized |
| Dye (ntawm tes) | 11.9 ± 0.4 j , k | 1.005 (ntawm) | 0.744 | 22.47 n | 71.2 | AIST (9/12) | Ntsuas 20 |
| Dye (minimodule) | 10.7 ± 0.4 j , l | 26.55 (hli) | 0.754 d | 20.19 d , o | 69.9 | AIST (2/15) | Ntse, 7 series hlwb 21 |
| Dye (submodule) | 8.8 ± 0.3 j | 398.8 (ntawm) | 0.697 d | 18.42 d , p | 68.7 | AIST (9/12) | Ntse, 26 series hlwb 22 |
| Organic |
| Organic (ntawm tes) | 11.2 ± 0.3 q q | 0.992 (ntawm) | 0.780 | 19.30 e | 74.2 | AIST (10/15) | Toshiba 23 |
| Organic (minimodule) | 9.7 ± 0.3 q | 26.14 (ntawm) | 0.806 d | 16.47 d, o | 73.2 | AIST (2/15) | Toshiba (8 series hlwb) 23 |
Cov ntawv sau: AIST, Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science thiab Technology; (ap), thaj tsam qhib; a-Si, amorphous silicon / hydrogen alloy; CIGS, CuIn 1-y Ga y Se 2 ; CZTS, Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 ; CZTSSe, Cu 2 ZnSnS 4-y Se y ; (da), thaj chaw teeb tsa; FhG-ISE, Fraunhofer Institut für Solare Energiesysteme; nc-Si, nanocrystalline los yog microcrystalline silicon; (t), tag nrho cheeb tsam.
lub teb Spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhia nyob hauv Version 50 ntawm cov rooj ntawv.
b Tsis ntsuas ntawm ib qho kev kuaj sab nraud.
c Teb Spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhov qhia nyob hauv Version 51 ntawm cov ntawv no.
d Tshaj tawm rau ntawm "ib lub xov tooj".
e Cov lus teb spectral thiab curve uas tam sim no qhia hauv Version 45 ntawm cov rooj ntawv.
f Rov ntsuas ntawm kev ntsuas thawj.
g Teb spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhov qhia tawm hauv cov nqe lus tam sim no.
h Cov lus teb spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhia hauv Zaj 52 ntawm cov lus qhia.
Kuv tau txais kev pom zoo ntawm 1000 tauj h txog 1 lub teeb ci tom 50 C.
j Kev pib ua haujlwm. Cov Lus Qhia 67 , 68 rov xyuas qhov ruaj ntseg ntawm cov khoom siv sib xws.
k Nruab nrab thiab rov qab sweeps ntawm 150 mV / s (hysteresis ± 0.26%).
l Ntsuas siv 13 point IV cheb nrog tas mus li kom txog thaum cov ntaub ntawv tas li ntawm 0.05% theem.
m Pib ua haujlwm. Reference 71 xyuas qhov ruaj ntseg ntawm cov khoom siv zoo sib xws.
n Cov lus teb spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv Tshooj 41 ntawm cov rooj ntawv.
o Cov lus teb spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no qhia txog hauv Tshooj 46 ntawm cov ntawv no.
p Teb Spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv Tshooj 43 ntawm cov lus qhia.
q Kev pib ua haujlwm. Cov Lus Qhia Txog 69 , 70 rov xyuas qhov ruaj ntseg ntawm cov khoom siv sib xws.
Cov lus nug 2. "Cov ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj" rau cov kev sib tshuam thiab cov nqe lus hauv qab no: "Tshaj plaws saum" qhia tseeb, tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv hauv chav kawm, ntsuas raws thoob ntiaj teb AM1.5 spectrum (1000 Wm -2 ) ntawm 25 ° C (IEC 60904-3: 2008, ASTM G-173-03 ntiaj teb) | Kev faib tawm | Ua tau zoo,% | Thaj tsam, cm 2 | V oc , V | J sc , mA / cm 2 | Filling Factor,% | Kuaj Qhov Chaw (Hnub Yug) | Kev piav qhia |
|---|
| Hlwb (pob zeb) |
| Si (crystalline) | 25.0 ± 0.5 | 4.00 (xyoo) | 0.706 | 42.7 a | 82.8 | Sandia (3/99) b | UNSW p-hom PERC saum toj / rear cov kev hu 24 |
| Si (crystalline) | 25.8 ± 0.5 c | 4.008 (da) | 0.7241 | 42.87 d | 83.1 | FhG-YOG (7/17) | FhG-ISE, n-hom sab saum toj / rear tiv tauj 25 |
| Si (crystalline) | 26.1 ± 0.3 c | 3.9857 (tus) | 0.7266 | 42.62 e | 84.3 | ISFH (2/18) | ISFH, p-hom rear IBC 26 |
| Si (loj) | 26.6 ± 0.5 | 179.74 (tus) | 0.7403 | 42.5 f | 84.7 | FhG-ISE (11/16) | Kaneka, n-hom rear IBC 4 |
| Si (multicrystalline) | 22.0 ± 0.4 | 245.83 (t) | 0.6717 | 40.55 d | 80.9 | FhG-YOG (9/17) | Jinko hnub ci, loj p-hom 27 |
| Hlwb (III-V) |
| GaInP | 21.4 ± 0.3 | 0.2504 (ap) | 1.4932 | 16.31 g | 87.7 | NREL (9/16) | LG electronics, siab bandgap 28 |
| GaInAsP / GaInAs | 32.6 ± 1.4 c | 0.248 (ap) | 2.024 | 19.51 d | 82.5 | NREL (10/17) | NREL, kev nplua nuj 29 |
| Cov Hlwb (chalcogenide) |
| CdTe (thin-film) | 22.1 ± 0.5 | 0.4798 (ntawm) | 0.8872 | 31.69 h | 78.5 | Tshiab (11/15) | Thawj hnub ci rau iav 30 |
| CZTSSe (nyias-zaj duab xis) | 12.6 ± 0.3 | 0.4209 (ap) | 0.5134 | 35.21 i | 69.8 | Newport (7/13) | IBM kua zus 31 |
| CZTSSe (nyias-zaj duab xis) | 12.6 ± 0.3 | 0.4804 (ntawm) | 0.5411 | 35.39 | 65.9 | Newport (10/18) | DGIST, Kauslim 14 |
| CZTS (nyias nyias) | 11.0 ± 0.2 | 0.2339 (da) | 0.7306 | 21.74 f | 69.3 | NREL (3/17) | UNSW ntawm iav 32 |
| Hlwb (lwm yam) |
| Perovskite (nyias-zaj duab xis) | 23.7 ± 0.8 j , k | 0.079 (ap) | 1.1697 | 25.40 l | 79.8 | Newport (9/18) | ISCAS, Beijing 33 |
| Organic (nyias nyias) | 15.6 ± 0.2 m | 0.4113 (ntawm) | 0.8381 | 25.03 l | 74.5 | NREL (11/18) | Sth Suav U. - Nroog Sth U. 34 |
Cov ntawv sau: AIST, Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science thiab Technology; (ap), thaj tsam qhib; CIGSSe, CuInGaSSe; CZTS, Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 ; CZTSSe, Cu 2 ZnSnS 4-y Se y ; (da), thaj chaw teeb tsa; FhG-ISE, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme; ISFH, Lub koom haum rau hnub ci zog tshawb fawb, Hamelin; NREL, Lub Chaw Kuaj Yeej Rov Qab Tau Lub Tebchaws Tshiab; (t), tag nrho cheeb tsam.
ib qho lus teb Spectral qhia hauv Tshooj 36 ntawm cov rooj ntawv.
b Muab ntsuas los ntawm kev ntsuas thawj.
c Tsis ntsuas ntawm ib qho kev kuaj sab nraud.
d Spectral cov lus teb thiab cov qauv curves tam sim no qhia hauv Version 51 ntawm cov rooj ntawv.
e Spectral teb thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhov qhia nyob hauv Version 52 ntawm cov rooj ntawv.
f Teb Spectral thiab cov voj voog uas tam sim no tau tshaj tawm hauv Tsab Ntawv 50 ntawm cov ntawv no.
g Spectral cov lus teb thiab cov lus pom zoo tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv Tshooj 49 ntawm cov ntawv no.
h Cov lus teb spectral thiab / lossis cov voj voog uas tam sim no tau tshaj tawm hauv Tshooj 46 ntawm cov rooj ntawv.
Kuv Spectral cov lus teb thiab cov qauv curves tam sim no qhia hauv Version 44 ntawm cov lus qhia.
j Stability tsis tau tshawb xyuas. Cov Lus Qhia Txog 69 , 70 daim ntawv ruaj nrees ntawm cov khoom siv sib xws.
k Ntsuas siv 13-qhov ntsiab lus IV cheb nrog qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob kom txog thaum tam sim no txiav txim siab ua unchanging.
l Spectral teb thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no-voltage qhia nyob rau hauv tam sim no version ntawm cov ntxhuav.
m Lub caij ntev ruaj ntseg tsis txheeb xyuas. Cov Lus Qhia Txog 69 , 70 daim ntawv ruaj nrees ntawm cov khoom siv sib xws.
Lub rooj 3. Paub ntau txoj kev sib tshuam ntawm kev lag luam hauv xov tooj cua thiab kev xa nrog qhov ua tau zoo nyob thoob ntiaj teb AM1.5 spectrum (1000 W / m 2 ) ntawm 25 ° C (IEC 60904-3: 2008, ASTM G-173-03 ntiaj teb) | Kev faib tawm | Ua tau zoo,% | Thaj tsam, cm 2 | Voc, V | Jsc, mA / cm 2 | Filling Factor,% | Kuaj Qhov Chaw (Hnub Yug) | Kev piav qhia |
|---|
| III-V multijunctions |
| 5 sib txuas ntawm tes (ua ke) | 38.8 ± 1.2 | 1.021 (ap) | 4.767 | 9.564 | 85.2 | NREL (7/13) | Spectrolab, 2-terminal 35 |
| (2.17 / 1.68 / 1.40 / 1.06 / 0.73 eV) |
| InGaP / GaAs / InGaAs | 37.9 ± 1.2 | 1.047 (ap) | 3.065 | 14.27 a | 86.7 | AIST (2/13) | Ntse, 2 lub sij hawm. 36 |
| GaInP / GaAs (monolithic) | 32.8 ± 1.4 | 1.000 (ap) | 2.568 | 14.56 b | 87.7 | NREL (9/17) | LG electronics, 2 lub sij hawm. |
| Multijunctions nrog c-Si |
| GaInP / GaAs / Si (Mech.) | 35.9 ± 0.5 c | 1.002 (ntawm) | 2.52 / 0.681 | 13.6 / 11.0 | 87.5 / 78.5 | NREL (2/17) | NREL / CSEM / EPFL, 4-term. 37 |
| GaInP / GaAs / Si (wafer bonded) | 33.3 ± 1.2 c | 3.984 (ap) | 3.127 b | 12.7 b | 83.5 | FhG-YOG (8/17) | Fraunhofer ISE, 2-term. 38 |
| GaInP / GaAs / Si (monolithic) | 22.3 ± 0.8 c | 0.994 (ap) | 2.619 | 10.0 d | 85.0 | FhG-YOG (10/18) | Fraunhofer ISE, 2-term. 39 |
| GaAsP / Si (monolithic) | 20.1 ± 1.3 | 3.940 (ap) | 1.673 | 14.94 e | 80.3 | NREL (5/18) | OSU / SolAero / UNSW, 2-term. |
| GaAs / Si (Mech.) | 32.8 ± 0.5 c | 1.003 (ntawm) | 1.09 / 0.683 | 28.9 / 11.1 e | 85.0 / 79.2 | NREL (12/16) | NREL / CSEM / EPFL, 4-term. 37 |
| Perovskite / Si (monolithic) | 27.3 ± 0.8 f | 1.090 (ntawm) | 1.813 | 19.99 d | 75.4 | FhG-YOG (6/18) | Oxford PV 40 |
| GaInP / GaInAs / D, Si (spectral split minimodule) | 34.5 ± 2.0 | 27.83 (ap) | 2.66 / 0.65 | 13.1 / 9.3 | 85.6 / 79.0 | NREL (4/16) | UNSW / Azur / Trina, 4-lub sij hawm. 41 |
| a-Si / nc-Si multijunctions |
| a-Si / nc-Si / nc-Si (nyias-zaj duab xis) | 14.0 ± 0.4 g , c | 1.045 (ntawm) | 1.922 | 9.94 h | 73.4 | AIST (5/16) | AIST, 2-term. 42 |
| a-Si / nc-Si (thin-film cell) | 12.7 ± 0.4 g , c | 1.000 (xyoo) | 1.342 | 13.45 Kuv | 70.2 | AIST (10/14) | AIST, 2-term. 16 |
| Notable kos |
| Perovskite / CIGS j | 22.4 ± 1.9 f | 0.042 (ntawm) | 1.774 | 17.3 g | 73.1 | NREL (11/17) | UCLA, 2-term. 43 |
| GaInP / GaAs / GaInAs | 37.8 ± 1.4 | 0.998 (ap) | 3.013 | 14.60 d | 85.8 | NREL (1/18) | Microlink (ELO) 44 |
Cov ntawv sau: AIST, Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science thiab Technology; (ap), thaj tsam qhib; a-Si, amorphous silicon / hydrogen alloy; (da), thaj chaw teeb tsa; FhG-ISE, Fraunhofer Institut für Solare Energiesysteme; nc-Si, nanocrystalline los yog microcrystalline silicon; (t), tag nrho cheeb tsam.
lub teb Spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhia nyob hauv Xov Tooj 42 ntawm cov ntawv no.
b Cov lus teb spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhia hauv Version 51 ntawm cov rooj ntawv.
c Tsis ntsuas ntawm ib qho kev kuaj sab nraud.
d Spectral teb thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no-voltage qhia nyob rau hauv tam sim no version ntawm cov ntxhuav.
e Cov lus teb Spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhia hauv Tsab Ntawv 50 los yog 52 ntawm cov ntawv no.
f Pib ua ntej. Cov Lus Qhia 67 , 68 rov xyuas qhov ruaj ntseg ntawm cov cuab yeej zoo li perovskite.
g Stabilized by 1000-h cuam tshuam txog 1 hnub teeb ntawm 50 C.
h Teb Spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhov qhia txog hauv Tshooj 49 ntawm cov ntawv no.
Kuv cov lus teb spectral thiab curve tam sim no qhia hauv Version 45 ntawm cov lus qhia.
j Cheeb tsam me me kom tsim nyog tau txais cov ntaub ntawv kawm sab nraud.
Cov lus 4. Pom zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev soj ntsuam ntawm huab cua hauv ntiaj teb AM1.5 spectrum (1000 W / m 2 ) ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntawm 25 ° C (IEC 60904-3: 2008, ASTM G-173-03 ntiaj teb) | Kev faib tawm | Kev siv.,% | Thaj tsam, cm 2 | V oc , V | Kuv SC , A | FF,% | Kuaj Qhov Chaw (Hnub Yug) | Kev piav qhia |
|---|
| Si (crystalline) | 24.4 ± 0.5 | 13177 (hli) | 79.5 | 5.04 a | 80.1 | AIST (9/16) | Kaneka (108 hlwb) 4 |
| Si (multicrystalline) | 19.9 ± 0.4 | 15143 (ap) | 78.87 | 4.795 a | 79.5 | FhG-ISE (10/16) | Trina hnub ci (120 hlwb) 45 |
| GaAs (nyias zaj duab xis) | 25.1 ± 0.8 | 866.45 (ap) | 11.08 | 2.303 b | 85.3 | NREL (11/17) | Alta pab kiag li lawm |
| CIGS (CD dawb) | 19.2 ± 0.5 | 841 (ap) | 48.0 | 0.456 b | 73.7 | AIST (1/17) | Hnub ci (70 pob) 47 |
| CdTe (thin-film) | 18.6 ± 0.5 | 7038.8 (ntawm) | 110.6 | 1.533 d | 74.2 | NREL (4/15) | Thawj hnub ci ntsa iab, monolithic 48 |
| a-Si / nc-Si (tandem) | 12.3 ± 0.3 f | 14322 (t) | 280.1 | 0.902 f | 69.9 | ESTI (9/14) | Hnub ci, Tshawb fawb plaub hau 49 |
| Perovskite | 11.6 ± 0.4 g | 802 (hli) | 23.79 | 0.577 h | 68.0 | AIST (4/18) | Toshiba (22 lub hlwb) 19 |
| Organic | 8.7 ± 0.3 g | 802 (hli) | 17.47 | 0.569 d | 70.4 | AIST (5/14) | Toshiba 23 |
| Multijunction |
| InGaP / GaAs / InGaAs | 31.2 ± 1.2 | 968 (hli) | 23.95 | 1.506 | 83.6 | AIST (2/16) | Ntse (32 lub hlwb) 50 |
| Notable kos |
| CIGS (loj) | 15.7 ± 0.5 | 9703 (ap) | 28.24 | 7.254 i | 72.5 | NREL (11/10) | Miasole 51 |
Cov ntawv sau: (ap), thaj tsam qhib; a-Si, amorphous silicon / hydrogen alloy; a-SiGe, amorphous silicon / germanium / hydrogen alloy; CIGSS, CuInGaSSe; (da), thaj chaw teeb tsa; Kev siv tau. FF, sau qhov tseem ceeb; nc-Si, nanocrystalline los yog microcrystalline silicon; (t), tag nrho cheeb tsam.
lub teb Spectral thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov hluav taws xob tam sim no hauv Tshooj 49 ntawm cov rooj ntawv.
b Cov lus teb spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no qhia tawm hauv Tshooj 50 lossis 51 ntawm cov lus qhia.
c Teb Spectral thiab / los yog qhov nkhaus tam sim no tau hais tseg hauv Tshooj 47 ntawm cov lus qhia.
d Spectral teb thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhov qhia txog hauv Tshooj 45 ntawm cov ntawv no.
e Stabilized ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom mus rau qib 2% tom qab IEC cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rov ntsuas dua.
f Teb Spectral thiab / los yog qhov teeb meem tam sim no qhia hauv Tshooj 46 ntawm cov ntawv teev lus.
g Thawj qhov kev ua tiav. Cov Lus Qhia 67 , 70 rov xyuas qhov ruaj ntseg ntawm cov khoom siv sib xws.
h Teb Spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhov qhia tawm hauv cov nqe lus tam sim no.
Kuv qhov lus teb Spectral qhia hauv Tshooj 37 ntawm cov ntawv no.
Cov rooj sib tham 2 muaj cov lus piav qhia txog "cov lus ceeb toom tseem ceeb" rau "ib lub hnub" tib lub hlwb thiab cov khoom xa tuaj hauv qeb saum toj no. Thaum tsis ua raws li cov kev cai yuav tsum tau lees paub tias yog cov ntaub ntawv kawm, cov cuab yeej hauv Cov Ntaub Ntawv 2 muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas yuav txaus siab rau cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov duab photovoltaic, nrog kev nkag los ntawm lawv qhov tseem ceeb thiab lub sijhawm. Txhawb txoj kev ntxub ntxaug, lub rooj tsuas yog siv rau npe 12 lub npe nrog cov kws sau ntawv tam sim no uas tau xaiv los ua lawv nyiam rau kev nkag rau hauv. Cov neeg nyeem uas muaj cov tswv yim ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tsis suav rau hauv no los yog cov tom qab rooj yeem raug txais tos hu rau ib tus kws sau ntawv nrog txhua cov ntsiab lus. Cov tswv yim ua raws li cov txheej txheem yuav muab tso rau hauv daim ntawv xaiv tsa rau ib qho teeb meem tom ntej.
Cov ntaub ntawv 3 yog thawj zaug hauv Tshooj 49 ntawm cov rooj ntawv no thiab qhia txog cov xov tooj ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes thiab kev sib tw nrog kev ua haujlwm siab, ib-hnub ntau yam khoom siv (yav dhau los qhia hauv Cov Lus 1 ). Cov rooj plaub 4 qhia tau hais tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov hnub ib lub hnub, ob qho tib si thiab ntau txoj kev sib tshooj, Thaum Ntev 5 qhia tau cov qhab nia zoo tshaj plaws rau cov concentrator hlwb thiab cov concentrator modules. Muaj qee tus "cov ntawv tseem ceeb" tseem muaj nyob hauv Cov Ncauj Lus 3-5 .
Cov lus 5. Cov chaw nyob ntawm thaj chaw Terrestrial concentrator thiab module cov kev ntsuas tau zoo nyob hauv ASTM G-173-03 ncaj qha nqaj AM1.5 spectrum ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm 25 ° C | Kev faib tawm | Kev siv.,% | Thaj tsam, cm 2 | Intensity a , suns | Kuaj Qhov Chaw (Hnub Yug) | Kev piav qhia |
|---|
| Tib lub hlwb |
| GaAs | 30.5 ± 1.0 b | 0.10043 (ntawm) | 258 | NREL (10/18) | NREL, 1-junction |
| Si | 27.6 ± 1.2 c | 1.00 (ntawm) | 92 | FhG-YOG (11/04) | Amonix rov qab-hu 52 |
| CIGS (nyias nyias) | 23.3 ± 1.2 d , e | 0.09902 (ap) | 15 | NREL (3/14) | NREL 53 |
| Multijunction hlwb |
| GaInP / GaAs, GaInAsP / GaInAs | 46.0 ± 2.2 f | 0.0520 (tus) | 508 | AIST (10/14) | Soitec / CEA / FhG-ISE 4j ua koom ua ke 54 |
| GaInP / GaAs / GaInAs / GaInAs | 45.7 ± 2.3 d , g | 0.09709 (ntawm) | 234 | NREL (9/14) | NREL, 4j monolithic 55 |
| InGaP / GaAs / InGaAs | 44.4 ± 2.6 h | 0.1652 (ntawm) | 302 | FhG-YOG (4/13) | Ntse, 3j inverted metamorphic 56 |
| GaInAsP / GaInAs | 35.5 ± 1.2 kuv , d | 0.10031 (ntawm) | 38 | NREL (10/17) | NREL 2-hlwg (2j) |
| Minimodule |
| GaInP / GaAs, GaInAsP / GaInAs | 43.4 ± 2.4 d , j | 18.2 (ap) | 340 k | FhG-YOG (7/15) | Fraunhofer ISE 4j (lens / cell) 57 |
| Submodule |
| GaInP / GaInAs / D, Si | 40.6 ± 2.0 j | 287 (ap) | 365 | NREL (4/16) | UNSW 4j split spectrum 58 |
| Modules |
| Si | 20.5 ± 0.8 d | 1875 (AP) | 79 | Sandia (4/89) l | Sandia / UNSW / ENTECH (12 lub hlwb) 59 |
| Peb hlws ris (3j) | 35.9 ± 1.8 m | 1092 (ap) | N / A | NREL (8/13) | Amonix 60 |
| Plaub Hlis (4j) | 38.9 ± 2.5 n | 812.3 (ap) | 333 | FhG-YOG (4/15) | Soitec 61 |
| "Tseem ceeb tshaj" |
| Si (cheeb tsam loj) | 21.7 ± 0.7 | 20.0 (ntawm) | 11 | Sandia (9/90) k | UNSW laser grooved 62 |
| Luminescent minimodule | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 25 (ap) | 2.5 k | ESTI (9/08) | ECN Petten, GaAs hlwb 63 |
| 4j minimodule | 41.4 ± 2.6 d | 121.8 (ap) | 230 | FhG-YOG (9/18) | FhG-ISE, 10 hlwb 57 |
Cov ntawv sau: (ap), thaj tsam qhib; CIGS, CuInGaSe 2 ; (da), thaj chaw teeb tsa; Kev siv tau. FhG-ISE, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme; NREL, Lub Tuam Txhab Lub Tebchaws Txuj Ci Ua Haujlwm Txua Tshiab.
ib lub hnub ua sib haum mus ncaj nraim rau ntawm 1000 Wm -2 .
b Teb Spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhov qhia tawm hauv qhov tam sim no cov ntawv ntawm cov rooj.
c Ntsuas raws li qhov qis aerosol optical qhov spectrum zoo ib yam li ASTM G-173-03 ncaj qha 72 .
d Tsis ntsuas ntawm ib qho kev kuaj sab nraud.
e Spectral teb thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj qhov qhia txog Tshooj 44 ntawm cov ntawv teev lus.
f Teb Spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv Tshooj 45 ntawm cov rooj ntawv.
g Teb spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv Tshooj 46 ntawm cov ntxhuav.
h Cov lus teb spectral thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv Tshooj 42 ntawm cov rooj ntawv.
Kuv teb spectral thiab curve tam sim no qhia hauv Version 51 ntawm cov rooj ntawv.
j Txiav txim ntawm IEC 62670-1 CSTC cov ntaub ntawv.
k Geometric concentration.
l Rov ua dua ntawm kev ntsuas thawj.
m Hais txog 1000 W / m 2 ncaj irradiance thiab 25 ° C ntawm lub xovtooj kub uas siv cov hnub ci spectrum prevailing thiab tus txheej txheem hauv tsev rau kev txhais lus kub.
n Ntsuas hauv IEC 62670-1 cov ntaub ntawv nram qab no tam sim no qhov ntaus nqi ntsuas IEC 60660-3.
2 TSHIAB SAWV
Kaum lub txiaj ntsim tshiab tau raug tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv qhov tam sim no ntawm cov ntawv no. Tus thawj tshiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Table 1 (ib-hnub lub hlwb) nruab nrab yog ib qho ntaub ntawv ceev xwm txheej rau txhua cov kab laug sab hnub ci. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm 29.1% yog ntsuas tau rau 1-cm 2 GaAs cell los ntawm Alta Devices 8 thiab ntsuas hauv Fraunhofer lub koom haum rau hnub ci zog Systems (FhG-ISE).
Qhov tshiab thib ob tshwm sim yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm 11.3% rau 1.2-cm 2 CZTSSe (Cu 2 ZnSnS x Se 4- x) hnub ci xov ntawm Daegu Gyeongbuk Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb (DGIST), Kaus Lim 14 thiab ntsuas los ntawm Newport PV Laboratory.
Thawj zaug ntawm peb cov qhabnias tshiab hauv cov ntawv 2 (ib-hnub "notable exceptions") sib npaug cov ntaub ntawv qub rau ib thaj chaw me me ntawm CZTSSe. Kev ntsuas ntawm 12.6% tau ntsuas los ntawm Newport rau ib lub cev 0.48-cm 2 dua los ntawm DGIST. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub xov tooj yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws rau kev faib tawm raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm, nrog lub hnub ci qhov kev lag luam ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev lag luam raws kev cai lij choj raws li ntawm ib thaj tsam ntawm 1-cm 2 lossis loj dua. 64 - 66
Qhov thib ob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Table 2 nruab nrab yog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab rau Pb-halide perovskite solar cell, nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm 23.7% kev pom zoo rau ib thaj chaw me me 0.07-cm 2 ntawm lub koom haum rau Semiconductors ntawm Suav Academy ntawm Sciences (ISCAS ), Beijing 33 thiab ntsuas ntawm Newport.
Rau cov hlwb perbergite, cov ntxhuav tam sim no txais los ntawm kev ntsuas "quasi-steady-state" (qee zaus hu ua "stablilised" hauv thaj tsam perovskite, tab sis qhov teeb meem no nrog kev siv lwm qhov ntawm cov duab photovoltaics). Nrog rau lwm cov technologies tshiab, perbergite hlwb tej zaum yuav tsis qhia tib theem ntawm stability raws li cov hlwb, nrog lub stability ntawm perbergite hlwb tau sib tham lwm qhov. 67 , 68
Ib qho tshiab thib peb "notable exception" nyob rau hauv Table 2 yog 13.3% rau ib thaj chaw me me 0.04-cm 2 organic solar cell uas yog los ntawm South China University thiab Central South University 34 thiab ntsuas ntawm National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Lub ruaj ntseg ntawm cov organic solar hlwb tau tham txog lwm qhov chaw 69 , 70 nrog cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub lag luam dua ib qho me me rau kev faib tawm ua ib qho ntaub ntawv ceev xwm txheej.
Peb cov kev tshwm sim tshiab raug tshaj qhia hauv Cov Txheej Txheem 3 hais txog ib hnub, cov khoom siv sib npaug. Thawj zaug yog 23.3% rau ib tug 1-cm 2 monolithic, three-junction, ob-terminal GaInP / GaAs / Si tandem ntaus (monolithic, metamorphic, ncaj kev loj hlob) fabricated thiab ntsuas los ntawm Fraunhofer lub koom haum rau hnub ci zog Systems. 39
Qhov thib ob tshwm sim tshiab qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm 27.3% rau 1-cm 2 perovskite / silicon monolithic ob-hlwm, ob-terminal khoom fabricated by Oxford PV 40 thiab dua ntsuas los ntawm Fraunhofer lub koom haum rau hnub ci zog. Nco ntsoov tias qhov kev ua tiav tam sim no zoo tshaj qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws rau ib qho kev sib koom tes ntawm pob zeb (Cov lus 1 ), tab sis rau thaj tsam ntau me dua.
Ib qho tshiab thib peb tshwm rau ntawm Table 3 muaj xws li ntau lub xov tooj ntawm tes "qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws." Kev ntsuas ntawm 37.8% yog ntsuas rau 1-cm 2 GaInP / GaAs / GaInAs monolithic three-junction, ob lub dav hlau hluav taws xob uas yog Microlink Devices 44 thiab ntsuas ntawm NREL. Lub notable feature ntawm no ntaus ntawv yog tias nws yog fabricated siv epitaxial nqa-tawm los ntawm ib tug substrate uas tau rov qab siv dua. 44
Ob lub txiaj ntsim tshiab tshwm nyob rau hauv Table 5 ("concentrator cells and modules"). Thawj yog 30.5% ua haujlwm rau ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm GaAs concentrator cell thiab ntsuas los ntawm NREL.
Qhov thib ob yog qhov "qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm". Kev ua haujlwm ntawm 41.4% yog qhia rau 122-cm 2 concentrator minimodule uas muaj 10 iav acromatic lo ntsiab muag thiab 10 wafer-bonded GaInP / GaAs, GaInAsP / GaInAs 4-co-solar cells fabricated thiab ntsuas los ntawm FhG-ISE. Qhov no yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntsuas rau ib qho kev sib txuas ua ke nrog tus kheej.
Tus EQE spectra rau cov ntsiab lus tshiab GaAs thiab CZTSSe qhia tawm ntawm qhov teeb meem tam sim no ntawm cov ntxhuav no muaj nyob hauv daim duab 1 A, nrog rau daim duab 1 B uas qhia cov ciaj ciam (voltage) (JV) tam sim no. Daim duab 2 qhia tau tias EQE rau cov OPV tshiab ntawm tes thiab kev hloov perbergite nrog daim duab 2 B uas qhia lawv cov qauv JV tam sim no. Daim Duab 3 A, B qhia qhov sib thooj EQE thiab JV curves rau tus tshiab ob-junction, ob lub dav hlau ntawm tes.
A, Qib quantum efficiency (EQE) rau cov tshiab GaAs thiab CZTSSe ntawm tes tau qhia tawm hauv qhov teeb meem no; B, piv txwv tam sim no ntom ntom-voltage (JV) rau tib yam li [Xim daim duab tuaj yeem pom hauv wileyonlinelibrary.com ] 
A, Qes quantum efficiency (EQE) rau cov OPV tshiab thiab perbergite cell tau qhia tawm hauv qhov teeb meem no; B, coj tus cwj pwm tsis sib haum tam sim no (JV) [Xim daim duab tuaj yeem pom hauv wileyonlinelibrary.com ] 
A, Qes quantum efficiency (EQE) rau ntau cov xovtooj ntawm tes tau tshaj tawm hauv qhov teebmeem no (qee cov kev sibtham); B, coj tus cwj pwm tsis sib haum tam sim no (JV) [Xim daim duab tuaj yeem pom hauv wileyonlinelibrary.com ] 3 DISCLAIMER
Txawm hais tias cov lus qhia hauv cov ntawv raug muab los ntawm txoj kev ntseeg, cov sau phau ntawv, cov neeg sau xov xwm, thiab cov tshaj tawm yuav tsis muaj kev lav phij xauj ncaj qha rau txhua qhov yuam kev los yog sau tsis tiav.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Lub Australian Centre rau Cov Hom Phem siab tshaj plaws pib ua haujlwm rau lub Ob Hlis 2013 nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm tsoom fwv Australian los ntawm Australian Cov Kev Pabcuam Zov Lub Txhab (ARENA). Australian Government tsis lees txais lub luag haujlwm rau cov kev xav, cov ntaub ntawv, lossis cov tswv yim qhia ntawm no. Kev ua haujlwm los ntawm D. Levi tau txais kev pab los ntawm Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm hauv Kev Lag Luam hauv Tsab Ntawv No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308 nrog Lub Tebchaws Txuas Tshiab Tau Txais Kev Pabcuam Tshiab. Cov hauj lwm hauv AIST tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm cov neeg Nyij Pooj Tshiab thiab Cov Chaw Tsim Tshuaj Industrial Technology Development (NEDO) hauv Ministry of Economy, Trade, thiab Industry (METI).
