Tau qhov twg los: appropedia.org
Tom Qab
Lwm lub zog thev naus laus zis xws li photovoltaic modules (Daim duab 1) ua qhov nrov dua thoob ntiaj teb. Hauv 2008, thawj thawj zaug, kev nqis peev thoob ntiaj teb hauv cov kev siv hluav taws xob hloov dua tshiab tau nqis peev ntau dua cov neeg lag luam fossil, cov nyiaj $ 155 nphom hauv peev los tiv thaiv $ 110 txhiab nqis peev tshiab hauv roj, nkev thiab thee. Hnub ci fais fab ib leeg tsim tau $ 6. 5 lab nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj tau los thoob ntiaj teb hauv 2004, thiab cia siab yuav luag 3 feem ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm $ 18. 5 plhom rau 2010.
Lwm lub zog thev naus laus zis yog ua nrov thoob ntiaj teb vim muaj kev paub ntau dua thiab kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ua qias tuaj, thiab kev hloov pauv huab cua hauv ntiaj teb. Lwm lub zog thev naus laus zis muaj qhov kev xaiv tshiab kom tau txais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm qhov chaw uas tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Tab sis pes tsawg?
Kev ntsuam xyuas dhau los tshaj tawm ntawm lub zog soj ntsuam ntawm silicon-based photovoltaics[1]pom tias txhua hom ntawm silicon (amorphous, polycrystalline thiab cov siv lead ua ib leeg) -based PV tsim kom muaj lub zog ntau dua lawv lub neej ntev dua li siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntau lawm. Txhua lub sijhawm niaj hnub silicon PV them rau lawv tus kheej hais txog lub zog hauv tsawg dua 5 xyoo - txawm nyob hauv kev ua haujlwm tsis tseem ceeb.
Tsab xov xwm no piav qhia txhua qhov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim khoom thiab lub neej siv silicon photovoltaic (PV) vaj huam sib luag.
Kev Soj Ntsuam Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Lub Neej (LCA) yog dab tsi
Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas Lub Neej (LCA) ntsuas qhov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm ib yam khoom lossis cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev tsim khoom mus pov tseg[2]Cov. Lub LCA tshawb xyuas cov khoom siv thiab lub zog siv kom tsim tawm thiab siv cov khoom lag luam, cov pa tawm cuam tshuam nrog nws siv, thiab ib puag ncig kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev pov tseg lossis rov ua dua tshiab. Lub LCA tseem tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas cov nqi sab nraud, xws li kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, uas yog tsim nyog los ntawm kev tsim khoom lossis kev siv cov khoom lag luam[3].
Luv luv Keeb ntawm Hnub Ci Zog
Thawj lub photovoltaic ntawm tes tau tsa los ntawm Charles Fritts, uas tau tsim 30-cm ntawm tes los ntawm selenium thiab kub hauv 1883[4]Cov. Niaj hnub nimno silicon photovoltaic thev naus laus zis tau tshawb pom hauv 1954 los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv Tswb Labs, tus kws tsim lub pn-hlws ris uas ua rau photovoltaics los tsim hluav taws xob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.[5]Cov. Hauv 1958, NASA tau pib siv photovoltaics ua tus tsim hluav taws xob rau lawv cov hnub qub[4]Thawj qhov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci tau tsim nyob rau hauv University of Delaware hauv 1973, thiab thawj qhov khoom siv hluav taws xob photovoltaic tau tsim kho hauv California hauv 1984[4].
Silicon PV Vaj Huam Sib Luag Lub Neej Txom Nyem
Cov ntu hauv qab no yog qhia luv luv txog kev ua neej ntawm silicon PV panels. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv lub neej los sib tham muaj xws li: lub zog xav tau rau kev tsim tawm, lub neej ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide tawm, thiab tag nrho cov pa phem tsim tawm thoob plaws ib lub PV vaj huam sib luag lub neej siv los ntawm: kev thauj mus los, txhim kho, khiav lag luam, thiab pov tseg.
Lub Zog Yuav Tsum Tso Rau Ntau Lawm
Kev tsim khoom lag luam photovoltaics yog lub zog tshaj plaws ntawm cov qib kev siv lub zog ntawm cov qauv PV sib xyaw. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 2, ntau lub zog siv los hloov cov xuab zeb silica rau hauv qhov siab purity silicon yuav tsum tau rau photovoltaic wafers. Kev sib sau ua ke ntawm PV modules yog lwm qhov kev pab cuam muaj zog ntxiv nrog ntxiv ntawm lub zog siab cov ntsiab lus txhuas thav ntawv thiab iav vov tsev.
Daim duab 2: Lub zog ntawm cov theem ntawm kev tsim tawm hauv kev tsim cov PV panels raws li feem pua ntawm Cov Nyiaj Txiag Qhov Yuav Tsum Tau Ua (GER) ntawm 1494 MJ / vaj huam sib luag (~ 0. 65 m {{4 }} nto)[6].
Cov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm ib qho qauv silicon photovoltaic koom nrog kev tsim cov khoom peb yam tseem ceeb: thav duab, hloov kho, thiab sib npaug sib xyaw ua ke xws li khib thiab inverter[3]Cov. Tsev cog khoom roj cua feem ntau yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov qauv tsim tawm (81%), tom qab ntawd qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov system (12%) thiab ncej (7%)[3])). Cov peev txheej xav tau ntawm cov voj voog tsim khoom raug muab suav sau nyob rau hauv Daim Duab 3.
Daim duab 3: Lub voj voog ntau lawm thiab cov khoom siv xav tau ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob silicon[6].
Lub Neej Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheej Txheej Txheej Txheej Txheej Txheej Txheej Txheej Txheej Txheej Txheej Txheej Txheej
Kev tsim lub neej ntawm cov pa carbon dioxide yog hais txog cov pa phem los ntawm kev tsim khoom, tsheb thauj mus los, lossis teeb tsa cov khoom ntsig txog cov tshuab photovoltaic. Ntxiv rau cov qauv lawv tus kheej, kev teeb tsa raug suav nrog kev txuas hluav taws xob thiab ib qho hlau hlau. Hauv av-tshuab photovoltaic tshuab kuj suav nrog lub pob zeb ua pob zeb. Kev teeb tsa tej thaj chaw deb yuav xav tau cov cuab yeej txuas ntxiv rau kev xa xov hluav taws xob mus rau lub zos hluav taws xob. Ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv, kev tshuaj xyuas lub neej yuav tsum muaj cov pa roj carbon dioxide uas tso tawm los ntawm cov tsheb thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los ntawm photovoltaic modules nruab nrab ntawm lub hoobkas, chaw rau khoom, thiab thaj chaw teeb tsa. Daim duab 4 sib piv cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov feem cuam no rau cov kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide tas lub neej ntawm tsib hom photovoltaic modules[7].
Daim duab 4:Lub neej ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide txhawm rau tsim cov tshuab loj photovoltaic, tso raws cov khoom sib xyaw. Daim duab no sib piv cov kab ke monocrystalline silicon modules (m-Si (a)), high-efficiency monocrystalline silicon (m-Si (b)), cadmium tellurium (CdTe), thiab tooj liab indium selenium (CIS) modules. Teeb los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, raws li[7].
Lub Tsheb Thauj Mus Los
Cov tsheb thauj mus los rau txog 9% ntawm lub neej tso pa tawm ntawm photovoltaics[7]Cov. Photovoltaic modules, racks, thiab kev sib txig sib luag ntawm cov system (xws li cov hlua hluav taws xob, cov khoom sib txuas, thiab cov ntsia hlau txhawb nqa) feem ntau tsim tawm txawv teb chaws thiab thauj mus rau Tebchaws Meskas los ntawm nkoj.[8].Thaum Tebchaws Meskas, cov khoom lag luam no thauj los ntawm lub tsheb thauj mus rau cov chaw faib khoom thiab tom kawg mus rau qhov chaw teeb tsa.
Teeb Meem Ua Hluav Taws Xob
Cov pa hluav taws xob muaj feem nrog kev teeb tsa suav suav kev tso tsheb, kev siv khoom, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim ua hauv zos los teeb tsa lub system. Cov haujlwm no tsim kom tsawg dua li 1% ntawm tag nrho cov kev tawm tsam lub neej ntawm photovoltaic system[8].
Kev Ua Haujlwm Emissions
Tsis muaj huab cua lossis dej pa tawm tsim thaum lub sijhawm siv PV modules. Airsheds cuam tshuam thaum lub sijhawm kev tsim kho ntawm PV modules los ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab dej cawv tawm uas ua rau photochemical ozone tsim. Cov dej da dej tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv los ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov khoom siv hauv ntuj xws li quartz, silicon carbide, iav, thiab txhuas. Tshaj tag nrho, kev hloov cov kab hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb nrog cov hluav taws xob nruab nrab hauv PV yuav ua rau 89-98% kev txo tawm ntawm cov tsev tso pa tawm, cov pa phem, cov hlau loj, thiab hom xov tooj cua[9].
Kev Tso Tawm Pov Tseg
Kev pov tseg ntawm silicon photovoltaic modules tsis tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj vim tias kev txhim kho loj tau tsuas yog tau siv txij li ib nrab xyoo 1980' s thiab cov photovoltaic modules tau tas sim neej ntawm tsawg kawg 30 xyoo[4]Cov. Fthenakis li al. (2005)[2]tshwj xeeb qhia qhov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev pov tseg lossis rov ua dua ntawm photovoltaic modules, yog li cov ncauj lus no xav tau kev tshawb nrhiav ntau dua.
LCA ntawm Photovoltaics Piv rau Lwm Cov Khoom Siv Zog
Tag nrho cov kev tawm tsam lub neej muaj feem nrog photovoltaic lub zog tsim hluav taws xob muaj ntau dua li cov hluav taws xob nuclear tab sis qis dua cov pob txha roj hluav taws xob kev tsim hluav taws xob. Kev tsim kho lub neej ntawm cov tsev cog khoom ua kom muaj roj tawm ntawm ntau lub zog tsim hluav taws xob muaj npe hauv qab no:[3].
Silicon PV: 45 g / kWh
Pob zeb: 900 g / kWh
Cov pa nkev: 400-439 g / kWh
Nuclear: 20-40 g / kWh
Lub sijhawm lawv 20-30 xyoo kev ua neej, hnub ci nruab hnub tsim hluav taws xob ntau dua li tau siv thaum lub sijhawm lawv ntau lawm. Lub zog them rov qab lub sijhawm ntsuas qhov tsawg kawg pab tau lub neej xav tau rau lub hnub ci nruab hnub los tsim lub zog uas tau siv los tsim qhov module. Raws li pom hauv Table 1, lub sij hawm them rov qab lub zog yog 3-6 xyoos.
Cov lus ntaw[6].
Ncig Teb Chaws | Hauv lub zos | Hnub ci tawg | Kev Nkag Tebchaws | Qhov siab | Ib Txhis Ntau Lawm | EPBT | ERF |
(kWh / m 2) | (m) | (kWh / kWp) | (xyoo) | ||||
Australia | Sydney | 1614 | 33.55 | 1 | 1319 | 3.728 | 7.5 |
Austria | Vienna | 1108 | 48.2 | 186 | 906 | 5.428 | 5.2 |
Belgium | Zaub pob | 946 | 50.5 | 77 | 788 | 6.241 | 4.5 |
Canada | Ottawa | 1377 | 45.25 | 75 | 1188 | 4.14 | 6.8 |
Czech koom pheej | Prague | 1000 | 50.06 | 261 | 818 | 6.012 | 4.7 |
Denmark | Tub Tooj | 985 | 55.75 | 1 | 850 | 5.786 | 4.8 |
Finland | Helsinki | 956 | 60.13 | 0 | 825 | 5.961 | 4.7 |
Fab Kis teb | Paris | 1057 | 48.52 | 32 | 872 | 5.64 | 5 |
Fab Kis teb | Marseille | 1540 | 43.18 | 7 | 1317 | 3.734 | 7.5 |
Lub teb chaws Yelemees | Berlin | 999 | 52.32 | 35 | 839 | 5.862 | 4.8 |
Lub teb chaws Yelemees | Ntxawg Tsab | 1143 | 48.21 | 515 | 960 | 5.123 | 5.5 |
Tim Nkij teb chaws | Lub Athens | 1563 | 38 | 139 | 1278 | 3.848 | 7.3 |
Hungary | Pob Tsuas Thoj | 1198 | 47.3 | 103 | 988 | 4.978 | 5.6 |
Ireland | Dublin | 948 | 53.2 | 9 | 811 | 6.064 | 4.6 |
Ltalis | Rome | 1552 | 41.53 | 15 | 1315 | 3.74 | 7.5 |
Ltalis | Milan | 1251 | 45.28 | 103 | 1032 | 4.765 | 5.9 |
Nyivpooj | Tokyo | 1168 | 35.4 | 14 | 955 | 5.15 | 5.4 |
Kaus lim qab teb | Xo | 1215 | 37.3 | 30 | 1002 | 4.908 | 5.7 |
Luxembourg | Luxembourg | 1035 | 49.62 | 295 | 862 | 5.705 | 4.9 |
Lub Tebchaws Netherlands | Amsterdam | 1045 | 52.21 | 1 | 886 | 5.551 | 5 |
Tshiab Zeland | Wellington | 1412 | 41.17 | 21 | 1175 | 4.185 | 6.7 |
Norway | Oslo | 967 | 59.56 | 13 | 870 | 5.653 | 5 |
Portugal | Lis Txais | 1682 | 35.44 | 16 | 1388 | 3.543 | 7.9 |
Spain | Madrid | 1660 | 40.25 | 589 | 1394 | 3.528 | 7.9 |
Spain | Sevilla | 1754 | 37.24 | 5 | 1460 | 3.368 | 8.3 |
Sweden | Stockholm | 980 | 59.21 | 16 | 860 | 5.718 | 4.9 |
Switzerland | Bern | 1117 | 46.57 | 524 | 922 | 5.334 | 5.2 |
Qaib keej | Ankara | 1697 | 39.55 | 1102 | 1400 | 3.513 | 8 |
United Kingdom | London | 955 | 51.3 | 20 | 788 | 6.241 | 4.5 |
United Kingdom | Edinburgh | 890 | 55.57 | 32 | 754 | 6.522 | 4.3 |
Meskas | Washington | 1487 | 38.52 | 14 | 1249 | 3.937 | 7.1 |
Cov lus xaus
Silicon PV vaj huam sib luag muaj lub neej qis kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ib puag ncig piv rau cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau ntawm lub zog xws li cov thee thiab cov nkev. Cov pa roj carbon emissions loj tshaj plaws los ntawm kev siv cov PV panels yog cov uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov qauv. Lub Zog Them Rov Qab Sijhawm (EPBT) sib txawv ntawm 3 thiab 6 xyoo rau ntau lub hnub ci huab cua nyob thoob ntiaj teb. Zuag qhia tag nrho, silicon PV vaj huam sib luag them cov tsim nyog upfront lub zog cov nqi ntawm ntau lawm ua ntej lawv lub neej siv tau thiab yog lub zog tsim hluav taws xob rau feem ntau ntawm lawv lub neej muaj txiaj ntsig.
Ua tim khawv
1 J. Pearce thiab A. Lau," Net Zog Tshawb Fawb Rau Cov Hluav Taws Xob Muaj Zog Ncaj Ncees Los Ntawm Silicon Raws Li Hnub Ci Cells" -Howe, 2002.pdf
4 Luque, A., thiab S. Hegedus (2003), Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Photovoltaic Science thiab Engineering, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
5 Goetzberger, A., thiab VU Hoffmann (2005), Photovoltaic Hnub Ci Zog rau Hluav Taws Xob, Springer, New York, NY.
6 Kev ntsuas lub neej ntawm photovoltaic hluav taws xob tiam, A. Stoppato, Lub Zog, Ntim 33, Qhov Teeb Meem 2, Lub Ob Hlis 2 008, Nplooj Ntawv 2 24-232
7 Ito, M., K. Kato, K. Komoto, T. Kichimi, thiab K. Kurokawa ({2007), Kev sib piv kev tshawb fawb txog tus nqi thiab kev tshuaj xyuas lub neej rau 100 MW loj heev-loj PV (VLS-PV) cov tshuab hauv cov chaw siv m-Si, a-Si, CdTe, thiab CIS modules, Kev Txhim Kho hauv Photovoltaics, 16, 17-30
8 Ito, M., K. Kato, K. Komoto, T. Kichimi, thiab K. Kurokawa ({2007), Kev sib piv kev tshawb fawb txog tus nqi thiab kev tshuaj xyuas lub neej rau 100 MW loj heev-loj PV (VLS-PV) cov tshuab hauv cov chaw siv m-Si, a-Si, CdTe, thiab CIS modules, Kev Txhim Kho hauv Photovoltaics, 16, 17-30
9 Fthenakis, V., Kim, H., thiab E. Alsema (2008), Kev Tshaj Tawm los ntawm Photovoltaics Life Cycles. Environmental Science Technology, 42, 2168-2174.
